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A paraphyletic group consists of an ancestral species and some of its descendants, but not all of them. Why is Group I monophyletic? A monophyletic group consists of an ancestral species and all of its descendants.Įxplain why Group II is paraphyletic. A clade is a group of species that includes an ancestral species and all of its descendants. See page 542 of your text for the labeled figure. What is a clade? Circle a clade that is not highlighted below. The following figure shows three cladograms. What is molecular systematics? Molecular systematics is a scientific discipline that uses nucleic acids or other molecules to infer evolutionary relationships between different species.Ĭoncept 26.3 Shared characters are used to construct phylogenetic trees 9. Molecular systematics is a valuable tool used today to sort homology from analogy. Analogous structures are similar solutions to similar problems but do not indicate close relatedness (bird wing, butterfly wing). Study Tip Homologous structures show evidence of relatedness (whale fin, bat wing). This idea is repeated in our current chapter. Your “A” should be at the node for Taxidea and Lutra Your “B” should be at the node just to the right of the word “Carnivora.”Ĭoncept 26.2 Phylogenies are inferred from morphological and molecular data Let’s look back at a Study Tip from Chapter 22.
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See page 538 in your text for the labeled figure. Circle the common ancestor of cats and dogs, and label it as B. Circle the common ancestor of badgers and otters, and label it as A. Recall that branch points represent common ancestors of the two lineages beyond the branch or node.
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So, which are more closely related, organisms in the same phylum, or those in the same order? Those in the same order. Make up your own, or try ours: D K P C O F G S or Dear King Phillip Comes Over For Good Spaghetti (You may choose to have King Philip come over for something else-whatever you can remember best!) 6. You are expected to memorize these taxonomic categories in order! Most students use a mnemonic device linked to the first letter of each taxon to remember them. As you move up in the figure, the organisms show greater and greater degrees of relatedness. You will notice that the most general category, domain, the one that encompasses the most organisms, is shown at the bottom of the figure. See page 537 of your text for the labeled figure. Label each taxonomic category, in the boxes, and then give the one that applies exclusively to this panther to the side of each box. The figure below shows the categories, each called a taxon. Taxonomy uses hierarchical categories that nest within each other, like Russian dolls.
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What are the two components of every binomial? Genus specific epithet What is your binomial? What does it mean? Homo sapiens, meaning “wise man” What is taxonomy? Taxonomy is a scientific discipline concerned with naming and classifying the diverse forms of life.Įvery organism on Earth may be referred to by a unique binomial, or a two-part name. This information is enabling biologists to construct phylogenetic trees, branching diagrams that represent a hypothesis about the evolutionary history of a group of organisms.Ĭoncept 26.1 Phylogenies show evolutionary relationships 2. What is systematics? How is it used to develop phylogenetic trees? Systematics is a discipline focused on classifying organisms and determining their evolutionary relationships. Name _ Period _Ĭhapter 26: Phylogeny and the Tree of Life Overview 1.